Spanish Playing Cards ~ La Baraja Española

SPAIN has played a pivotal role in the history of playing cards in Europe and Latin America. One view is that the early history of playing cards in Europe was related to the invasion of North Africa, Spain and Sicily by Islamic forces during the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt which ended in 1517. The Arabic word naip ( naipe = playing card ) has been used in Catalonia since 1370 or even earlier. Spain has had a complex colonial history and Spanish playing cards have travelled to the ‘New World’ where the legacy of Spanish-suited playing cards still prevails today from Mexico to Patagonia, as well as other remote parts of the globe.

An abundance of early literary references are in the Catalan or Spanish languages. Playing cards have been popular in Spain since their very first introduction there. Early sources refer to playing cards and card games in dictionaries and merchants’ inventories, to various card-makers and to prohibitions of card games, mostly around Barcelona and Valencia, in the late 1300s and early 1400s. Historical archives from Barcelona, 1380, mention a certain Rodrigo Borges, from Perpignan, and describe him as “pintor y naipero” (painter and playing card maker). He is the earliest named card-maker. Other card makers named in guild records include Jaime Estalós (1420), Antonio Borges (1438), Bernardo Soler (1443) and Juan Brunet (1443). The types of cards mentioned include “large cards, painted and gilded” as well as “Moorish” cards and “small” cards. “Naïps moreschs” are also mentioned in several inventories in distinction to other types of cards and those authors presumably had evidence to support the distinction.

With the marriage in 1468 of the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille, the Spanish nationality came into existence in its definitive form. The catholic monarchs inherited the trading routes linking the Cantabrian ports with Flemish and French production centres. To this they soon added trade routes to England, North Africa and Italy. Catalonia experienced a revival of its importance in the Mediterranean reaching as far as Egypt. And, of course, Columbus discovered the 'New Indies' in 1492… thus Spain became a sort of emporium for the exchange of goods and artefacts from a very broad compass reaching almost literally to all four quarters of the globe.

Some of the earliest-known tarot cards, hand painted and illuminated in the 15th century, were supposed to have been discovered in Seville although the game of tarocchi has never been played in Spain. At the same time many Spanish-suited packs were engraved in Germany during the second half of the fifteenth century. Other 15th and 16th century evidence of Spanish playing cards have turned up in Latin American museums and archives. An interesting example are the archaic Spanish-suited cards unearthed in the Lower Rimac valley, Peru during archaeological excavations which are very similar to cards by Francisco Flores preserved in the Archivo de Indias (Seville).

Above: detail from “La Sala de Las Batallas” mural painting in El Escorial palace (Madrid) produced by a team of Italian artists, late 16th century.

In addition to the Spanish kingdoms, together with Roussillon and Cerdanya, Felipe II inherited from his father, Charles V, the territories discovered and conquered in the Americas; the Italian dominions of Milan, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia; the Low Countries and the Franche-Comté; various strongholds in North Africa; and the Canary Islands. With the incorporation of Portugal in 1580 and the discovery and colonisation of the Philippine Islands between 1542 and 1565, it could well be said of his realms that “the sun never set” upon them.

Such an expanse of territories, stretching across Europe, Africa, the Americas and Asia, created not only political and commercial networks but also channels for the movement of everyday goods and cultural practices. Among these were playing cards. Carried by soldiers, administrators, merchants and settlers, Spanish playing cards, with their distinctive Latin suits, travelled along with imperial expansion. Through trade, regulation and taxation, Spain became one of the principal agents in the diffusion of playing cards throughout its overseas dominions.

The Spanish state playing card monopoly was first established during the reign of Felipe II, in the 16th century. It was divided into several regions, including Mexico and ‘New Spain’, Toledo, Castile and Seville. Leases for these respective monopolies were awarded on a competitive basis to the highest bidder and subject to strict controls. Lease holders also enjoyed the protection of laws governing the playing card monopolies, which included the outlawing of contraband playing cards   read more →.

Spanish playing cards are today divided into several distinctive types or patterns, some more ancient than others, which are often associated with different regions, as well as a wide range of non-standard cards which testify to the creative genius of Spanish artists. The suits are usually numbered through 1 - 12. A peculiarity to be observed in Spanish cards is that the suits of cups, swords and clubs have respectively one, two and three gaps or intervals in the upper and lower marginal lines of every card, called pintas.

Above: 16th cantury 48-card Franco-Spanish pattern deck by Diego del Campo, Phelippe Ayet, and several others.

Above: probably originating in Spain in the seventeenth century or even earlier, the “Spanish National” pattern was extensively exported.

REFERENCES:

• Agudo Ruiz, Juan de Dios: Los Naipes en España, Diputación Foral de Álava, 2000
• Denning, Trevor: The Playing-Cards of Spain, Cygnus Arts, London, 1996
• Garrigue, Jean-Pierre: La Carte à Jouer en Catalogne XIV & XVI siècles, Les Presses Littéraires, 2015
• Pratesi, Franco: Cinco Siglos de Naipes en España, in La Sota nº 16, Asescoin, Madrid, March 1997, pp.27-51