Persian Ganjifa

Published March 16, 2026 • Updated June 11, 2026

Hand-painted Persian ganjifa cards reflecting a once-popular eight-suited card game.

Two of the most popular traditional card games in Iran were ganjifa (also spelled ganjafeh or ganjafa) and as (as-nas). Persian ganjifa was played with a 96-card pack divided into eight suits: crowns, silver coins, swords, servants, harps, gold coins, documents and merchandise. Each suit comprised ten numeral cards (1–10) together with two court cards: the king (mir), usually shown enthroned and accompanied by courtiers holding an umbrella, and the minister (wazir), commonly depicted mounted on horseback accompanied by runners.

The incomplete set shown here, preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, illustrates the refined decorative style associated with Persian ganjifa: figures framed by ornate architectural arches and suits represented by symbolic objects. These symbolic objects do not have a clearly documented origin but likely reflect a mixture of courtly, administrative and commercial imagery from the Persianate world. The court cards mirror the structure of royal administration in Safavid Persia. The cards were hand-painted with gouache onto ivory tiles and finished with a thick lacquer. The backs have a floral design within a rectangular decorative frame.

Jeu de Ganjifa persan, 1820. Bibliothèque nationale de France

Above: Persian Ganjifa cards from the Bibliothèque nationale de France. 18 cards from a total of 96 : gouache on ivory ; 5.5 × 3.5, 1820.

The eight-suited game was reportedly banned in the 17th century during the reign of Abbas II of Persia (r. 1642–1666), after which knowledge of the game gradually faded in Persia. Nevertheless, the tradition continued in the Indian subcontinent, where Mughal ganjifa cards developed into a flourishing craft with regional variations and distinctive circular cards. The term ganjifa (also spelled ganjafeh or ganjafa) is probably a generic word like na'ib or naipe, used across different languages, rather than a specific game.

The early history of playing cards in Persia is still uncertain and some confusion still persists. A reference in the chronicles of the Mamluk historian Yūsuf ibn Taghrī-Birdī, describing events of 1417–1418, notes that a game called kanjifah was played for high stakes among wealthy and respectable people (i.e. élite Persian society) in Egypt and Syria. Whether these players used Mamluk-style cards or something resembling the 'ganjifa' cards seen here is open to speculation. Whatever their precise origins, such surviving packs offer a glimpse into what may have been a widespread tradition of card play in Persia, the historical region that corresponds broadly to modern Iran.

References and Links

Bibliothèque nationale de France : Jeu de Ganjifa persan ►

Ashmolean Museum : Persian and Indian Playing Cards ►

Mann, Sylvia: All Cards on the Table, Jonas Verlag/Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, 1990

Wikipedia : Ganjifa ►

Wikipedia : Ibn Taghribirdi ►

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